Q1: What is the principle of compass surveying?
Ans:Compass surveying is based on the principle of traversing. In this method, the framework consists of a series of connected lines, the lengths of which are measured using a chain or tape, and the directions are determined with a compass.
Q2: What is the difference between traversing and triangulation?
Ans:Traversing involves a series of connected lines forming a path, whereas triangulation divides the area into triangles to determine positions more accurately.
Q3: Define traverse.
Ans:Traverse is defined as a series of connected lines whose lengths and directions are measured to establish control points.
Q4: What is open traverse?
Ans:An open traverse consists of a series of connected lines whose starting and ending points do not meet. It is used for long, narrow surveys such as roads, railways, or river mapping.
Q5: Define closed traverse.
Ans:A closed traverse is one in which the starting and ending points coincide, forming a closed loop. It is useful for boundary and land surveys.
Q6: Define fore bearing.
Ans:Fore bearing (F.B.) is the bearing of a survey line measured from the starting point towards the endpoint.
Q7: Define back bearing.
Ans:Back bearing (B.B.) is the bearing of a survey line measured from the endpoint back to the starting point. The difference between the fore bearing and back bearing is always 180°.
Q8: What is true bearing?
Ans:True bearing is the horizontal angle measured from the true north to the line in a clockwise direction.
Q9: What is magnetic bearing?
Ans:Magnetic bearing is the angle measured from the magnetic north to a survey line using a magnetic compass.
Q10: Define arbitrary bearing.
Ans:Arbitrary bearing is an assumed bearing used when there is no reference to true or magnetic north.
Q11: Define WCB system.
Ans:The Whole Circle Bearing (WCB) system measures the bearing of a line in degrees clockwise from the north, ranging from 0° to 360°.
Q12: Define quadrantal bearing system.
Ans:The Quadrantal Bearing (QB) system measures the bearing from either the north or south towards the east or west, expressed in degrees from 0° to 90° within each quadrant.
Q13: What is prismatic compass?
Ans:A prismatic compass is an instrument used to measure angles and bearings. It has a prism for reading values and a magnetic needle that points north.
Q14: Define surveyor’s compass.
Ans:A surveyor’s compass is similar to a prismatic compass but lacks a prism. It uses a fixed needle and is divided into four quadrants for measuring angles.
Q15: What is local attraction?
Ans:Local attraction occurs when nearby magnetic substances disturb a compass needle, causing incorrect readings.
Q16: What is declination?
Ans:Declination is the angle between the true north and the magnetic north at a particular location and time.
Q17: What is an isogonic line?
Ans:An isogonic line is a line on a map connecting points of equal magnetic declination.
Q18: Define meridian.
Ans:A meridian is a reference line used in surveying to measure bearings. It can be true, magnetic, or arbitrary.
Q19: Enlist types of meridians.
Ans:
The types of meridians are:- ➔True meridian
- ➔Grid meridian
- ➔Magnetic meridian
- ➔Arbitrary meridian
Q20: Define true meridian.
Ans:The true meridian is the line passing through the geographical north and south poles and a given point on the earth’s surface.
Q21: What is meant by magnetic meridian?
Ans:A magnetic meridian is the direction indicated by a freely suspended magnetic needle unaffected by nearby objects.
Q22: Define arbitrary meridian.
Ans:An arbitrary meridian is an assumed direction chosen for convenience when surveying a small area.
Q23: Define grid meridian.
Ans:A grid meridian is an artificial reference meridian used for mapping, often chosen by state agencies for a specific zone.
Q24: Define bearing of a survey line.
Ans:The bearing of a survey line is the horizontal angle between the line and a reference meridian, measured in degrees.