Q1: Define Heat.
Ans: Heat is a form of energy that flows from a hotter object to a cooler one, causing temperature changes.
Q2: Define Temperature.
Ans: Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance, indicating how hot or cold it is.
Q3: Write different methods of heat transfer.
Ans: The three methods of heat transfer are:
- ➔ Conduction
- ➔ Convection
- ➔ Radiation
Q4: How does heat transfer in solids?
Ans: In solids, heat transfer occurs through conduction, where heat moves from high to low temperature areas via particle collisions.
Q5: How does heat transfer in liquids?
Ans: In liquids, heat transfer occurs through convection, where heated molecules rise and cooler molecules sink, creating a current.
Q6: How does heat transfer in gases?
Ans: In gases, heat transfer also occurs through convection, but the molecules are more spread out, allowing for faster movement and heat transfer.
Q7: Define Conduction.
Ans: Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact between particles in a substance.
Q8: Define Convection.
Ans: Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases), where hot particles rise and cooler particles sink.
Q9: Define Radiation.
Ans: Radiation is the transfer of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves, such as infrared radiation, which can travel through a vacuum.
Q10: What is Thermal Insulation?
Ans: Thermal insulation is the process of reducing the transfer of heat between objects, typically using materials that resist heat flow.
Q11: What are three general applications of temperature range?
Ans: These are:
- ➔ Home heating and cooling
- ➔ Industrial processes (e.g., cooking, metalworking)
- ➔ Electronics and machinery that require temperature control
Q12: What is the selection criteria for insulating materials?
Ans: Insulating materials are chosen based on their thermal conductivity, cost, durability, fire resistance, and ease of installation.
Q13: Name some thermal insulating materials.
Ans: Some of the thermal insulating materials are:
- ➔ Fiberglass
- ➔ Cellulose
- ➔ Mineral wool
- ➔ Polystyrene
- ➔ Polyurethane
- ➔ Aerogel
Q14: Enlist the types of insulation.
Ans: The types are:
- ➔ Thermal insulation
- ➔ Acoustic insulation
- ➔ Electrical insulation
Q15: Enlist the forms of insulation.
Ans: The forms are:
- ➔ Batts and rolls
- ➔ Rigid boards
- ➔ Loose-fill
- ➔ Spray foam
Q16: Define Thermal Conductivity.
Ans: Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat, usually expressed in watts per meter per degree Celsius (W/m·K).
Q17: Define Thermal Resistance.
Ans: Thermal resistance is the property of a material to resist the flow of heat, and it is the inverse of thermal conductivity.
Q18: Define Specific Heat Capacity.
Ans: Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one unit of mass of a substance by one degree Celsius.
Q19: Define Density.
Ans: Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume, typically measured in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³).
Q20: Define Thermal Diffusivity.
Ans: Thermal diffusivity is a measure of how quickly a material responds to changes in temperature, combining both its thermal conductivity and specific heat.
Q21: Define Vapour Permeability.
Ans: Vapour permeability is the ability of a material to allow water vapor to pass through it.
Q22: What is Cellular glass available in?
Ans: Cellular glass is available in rigid boards or blocks, often used as a high-performance insulation material.
Q23: What is Cellulose available in?
Ans: Cellulose is available in the form of loose-fill insulation or batts, often made from recycled paper products.
Q24: What is Rock Mineral Wool available in?
Ans: Rock mineral wool is available in batts, boards, and loose-fill forms for thermal and acoustic insulation.
Q25: What is Phenolic foam?
Ans: Phenolic foam is a rigid, closed-cell insulation material with low thermal conductivity and high fire resistance.
Q26: What is Polyurethane?
Ans: Polyurethane is a versatile insulation material, available in rigid foam boards, spray foam, or flexible forms with good thermal resistance.
Q27: Define Aerogel.
Ans: Aerogel is a highly porous, lightweight material with excellent insulating properties, often used in high-performance applications.
Q28: What are Shading Devices?
Ans: Shading devices are architectural elements designed to block or control the amount of sunlight entering a building.
Q29: Name some Shading Devices.
Ans: Some of the shading devices are:
- ➔ Blinds
- ➔ Awnings
- ➔ Shutters
- ➔ Louvers
- ➔ Overhangs
Q30: Name some fixed exterior Shading Devices.
Ans: Some of the exterior shading devices are:
- ➔ Fixed louvers
- ➔ Overhangs
- ➔ Pergolas
- ➔ Trellises
Q31: Define Overhangs.
Ans: Overhangs are horizontal extensions of a building's roof that provide shade to windows and reduce solar heat gain.
Q32: What are Slanted louvers?
Ans: Slanted louvers are angled slats that control the amount of light and air entering a space while blocking direct sunlight.
Q33: Define Awnings.
Ans: Awnings are fabric or metal coverings that extend over windows or doors to block sunlight and reduce heat gain.
Q34: Define Canopy shade.
Ans: A canopy is a roof-like structure that provides shade to outdoor areas, often made of fabric or metal.
Q35: Define Groundcovers.
Ans: Groundcovers are low-growing plants or materials used to cover soil, helping to control temperature and reduce heat absorption.
Q36: Define Eggcrate shading.
Ans: Eggcrate shading is a type of shading device with a grid-like structure that diffuses sunlight and reduces glare.
Q37: Define Deciduous plants.
Ans: Deciduous plants are trees or shrubs that lose their leaves in the fall and regrow them in the spring.
Q38: Define Evergreen plants.
Ans: Evergreen plants retain their leaves year-round, providing consistent shade and protection.
Q39: Write the role of trees, bushes etc. to control a building’s temperature.
Ans: Trees and bushes provide natural shade, reduce heat gain by blocking sunlight, and cool the air through transpiration, helping to lower indoor temperatures.
Q40: Define Heat transfer.
Ans: Heat transfer is the movement of thermal energy from a hotter object or area to a cooler one through conduction, convection, or radiation.
