Q1: Define Scaffolding.
Ans:Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to support workers and materials during the repair, maintenance, or construction of buildings or other structures.
Q2: Define Putlog in Scaffolding.
Ans:A Putlog is a horizontal member that connects the outer frame of the scaffold to the wall of the building and supports the working platform.
Q3: Write the purpose of Scaffolding.
Ans:Scaffolding provides workers with a safe and stable platform at heights so they can perform tasks such as bricklaying, plastering, painting, or repairs.
Q4: Enlist the types of Scaffolding.
Ans:
The types of scaffolding include:- ➔ Single Scaffolding
- ➔ Double Scaffolding
- ➔ Cantilever Scaffolding
- ➔ Suspended Scaffolding
- ➔ Trestle Scaffolding
- ➔ Steel Scaffolding
- ➔ Patented Scaffolding
Q5: Define Single Scaffolding.
Ans:Single scaffolding, also known as bricklayer's scaffolding, consists of a single framework of standards (vertical poles), ledgers, and putlogs. It is mostly used for brick masonry work.
Q6: Define Double Scaffolding.
Ans:Double scaffolding, often used by skilled workers, is made with two rows of standards and is more stable. It is commonly used for stone masonry where walls may not reliably support putlogs.
Q7: Define Cantilever Scaffolding.
Ans:Cantilever scaffolding is supported by projecting needles (beams) that extend out from the structure. It is used when the ground is unstable or unsuitable for setting up scaffolds.
Q8: Define Suspended Scaffolding.
Ans:Suspended scaffolding is a platform that hangs from the roof using ropes or chains and can be raised or lowered. It is typically used for exterior painting or window cleaning on tall buildings.
Q9: Define Trestle Shoring.
Ans:Trestle scaffolding consists of a platform supported by movable ladders or tripods. It is used for indoor work up to a height of 5 meters.
Q10: Define Shoring.
Ans:Shoring is a method of providing support to a building, structure, or trench using props (called shores) to prevent collapse during repairs or excavation.
Q11: Write the purpose of Shoring.
Ans:Shoring provides temporary structural support during construction, excavation, or repairs to prevent buildings or trenches from settling or collapsing.
Q12: Write some advantages of Shoring.
Ans:
Some advantages include:- ➔ Providing structural stability
- ➔ Enhancing safety for workers and nearby structures
- ➔ Allowing deeper and safer excavations
- ➔ Preventing damage during construction or alterations
Q13: Enlist some disadvantages of Shoring.
Ans:
Some disadvantages include:- ➔ Increased construction costs
- ➔ Requirement for skilled labor and proper design
- ➔ Obstruction in work areas
- ➔ Need for regular inspection and maintenance
Q14: Enlist the types of Shoring.
Ans:
Types of shoring include:- ➔ Raking Shoring
- ➔ Hydraulic Shoring
- ➔ Beam Shoring
- ➔ Plate Shoring
- ➔ Soil Nailing
- ➔ Dead Shoring
- ➔ Flying Shoring
Q15: Define Ranking Shoring.
Ans:Raking shoring uses inclined members called rakers that support the wall by transferring loads to the ground at an angle.
Q16: Define Hydraulic Shoring.
Ans:Hydraulic shoring uses hydraulic pistons and aluminum or steel plates to support trench walls. It is quick to install and adjustable.
Q17: Define Beam Shoring.
Ans:Beam shoring involves horizontal beams spanning across a trench or excavation to support the walls, often used with vertical posts.
Q18: Define Plate Shoring.
Ans:Plate shoring uses steel or timber plates against trench walls, supported by hydraulic or screw jacks to stabilize the excavation.
Q19: Define Soil Nailing Shoring.
Ans:Soil nailing is a technique that involves reinforcing the soil by inserting closely spaced steel bars (nails) into a slope or excavation to provide stability.
Q20: Define Underpinning.
Ans:Underpinning is a construction method used to strengthen or stabilize the foundation of an existing structure.
Q21: Enlist the types of Underpinning.
Ans:
The types are:- ➔ Mass concrete underpinning
- ➔ Beam and base underpinning
- ➔ Mini-piled underpinning
- ➔ Cantilever needle beam underpinning
- ➔ Pile and beam underpinning
- ➔ Mud jacking
Q22: What is the use of Underpinning?
Ans:
Underpinning is used to:- ➔ Strengthen existing foundations
- ➔ Support additional load from new construction
- ➔ Stabilize structures affected by subsidence or poor soil conditions
Q23: Define Mass Concrete Underpinning/Mass Pour.
Ans:Mass concrete underpinning involves excavating sections beneath the existing foundation and filling them with concrete to increase bearing capacity.
Q24: Define Beam Underpinning.
Ans:Beam underpinning replaces the existing foundation with a reinforced concrete beam that transfers the load to mass concrete bases on either side.
Q25: Define Base Underpinning.
Ans:Base underpinning is a general term for methods that expand or improve the existing foundation by adding supportive bases beneath it.
Q26: Define Mini-piled Underpinning.
Ans:Mini-piled underpinning uses small-diameter piles (150–300mm) driven deep into the ground to transfer the load to stable soil strata. Ideal for limited access areas.
Q27: Define Mud Jacking.
Ans:Mud jacking is a technique where a slurry mixture is pumped under a sunken slab or foundation to lift and level it.
Q28: Write the methods of Underpinning.
Ans:
Some of the methods are:- ➔ Mass concrete method
- ➔ Beam and base method
- ➔ Mini-piled method
- ➔ Pile and beam method
- ➔ Cantilever needle beam method
- ➔ Mud jacking
Q29: Why is shoring important?
Ans:Shoring is important to prevent collapse of excavated areas, adjacent buildings, or unstable structures during construction, thereby ensuring safety.
Q30: How is shoring installed?
Ans:
Shoring is installed by:- ➔ Assessing the structure or trench
- ➔ Choosing the appropriate method (raking, hydraulic, etc.)
- ➔ Placing shores, beams, or plates against the wall
- ➔ Securing with jacks or bracing systems
Q31: Enlist the factors to be considered when selecting scaffolding for building.
Ans:
Some of the factors are:- ➔ Height and complexity of structure
- ➔ Load-bearing requirements
- ➔ Type of work
- ➔ Duration of use
- ➔ Safety regulations
- ➔ Accessibility
- ➔ Cost and availability
- ➔ Weather conditions
Q32: What is the standard size of Underpinning?
Ans:It is 29 inches wide and available lengths are 6ft, 8ft and 10ft.
Q33: Define Pier.
Ans:It is a vertical supporting structure or column, usually wider than a regular column, used to support loads.
