SPRINGS

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• Q1: Define Springs.
  Ans: Springs are elastic mechanical devices used to store energy and release it when required.
  They absorb shocks, maintain force between surfaces, and provide resistance to motion.
• Q2: Name the types of Springs.
  Ans: The types of springs are as follows:

  • ➔ Helical Springs
  • ➔ Torsion Springs
  • ➔ Conical and Volute Springs
  • ➔ Leaf or Laminated Springs
  • ➔ Disc or Belleville Springs
  • ➔ Special Purpose Springs
• Q3: Define Helical Springs.
  Ans: Helical springs are coiled springs made of round, square, or rectangular wire.
  They are used to resist axial loads and provide deflection along the axis of the coil.
• Q4: Define Torsion Springs.
  Ans: Torsion springs are springs that work by twisting the ends of the spring.
  They resist rotational or torque loads and return to their original position when released.
• Q5: Define Conical and Volute Springs.
  Ans: Conical springs are tapered helical springs with gradually decreasing diameter.
  Volute springs are shaped like a cone but are wound from flat strip; both save space and provide variable stiffness.
• Q6: Define Leaf or Laminated Springs.
  Ans: Leaf springs are made of several flat plates (laminae) stacked and clamped together.
  They are commonly used in vehicle suspension systems.
• Q7: Define Disc or Belleville Springs.
  Ans: Disc or Belleville springs are conical washers that act like springs.
  They are used for high load applications in compact spaces.
• Q8: Define Special Purpose Springs.
  Ans: Special purpose springs are designed for specific applications such as constant force springs, torsion bar springs, and air springs.
• Q9: Name the materials used for Helical Springs.
  Ans: The materials used for helical springs include:

  • ➔ High carbon steel
  • ➔ Alloy steel
  • ➔ Stainless steel
  • ➔ Phosphor bronze
• Q10: Define Solid length of Springs.
  Ans: Solid length of a spring is the length of the spring when all coils are fully compressed and in contact with each other.
• Q11: Define Free length of Springs.
  Ans: Free length of a spring is the length of the spring when it is unloaded and no external force is applied.
• Q12: Define Spring Index.
  Ans: Spring index is the ratio of the mean diameter of the spring coil to the diameter of the wire.
  Spring Index, C = D / d
  Where D = Mean coil diameter, d = Wire diameter
• Q13: Define Pitch of Springs.
  Ans: Pitch of a spring is the distance between the centers of two consecutive coils.
• Q14: State the formula of Shear stress of Springs.
  Ans: The shear stress in a helical spring, τ, is given by:
  τ = (8 × W × D) / (π × d³) × K
  Where W = Load on spring, D = Mean coil diameter, d = Wire diameter, K = Wahl correction factor
• Q15: State the formula of Deflection of Springs.
  Ans: The deflection of a helical spring, δ, is given by:
  δ = (8 × W × D³ × N) / (G × d⁴)
  Where W = Load, D = Mean diameter, N = Number of active coils, G = Modulus of rigidity, d = Wire diameter
• Q16: State the formula of Stiffness of Springs.
  Ans: Stiffness of a spring, k, is given by:
  k = W / δ
  Where W = Load applied, δ = Deflection produced