VERNIER

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• Q1: Define vernier?
  Ans: A vernier is a small movable graduated scale for obtaining fractional parts of subdivisions on a fixed main scale of any measuring instrument. It is used for precise measurements of internal and external distances.
• Q2: Define direct vernier.
  Ans: A direct vernier is a type of vernier where the scale divisions are shorter than the main scale divisions. Both scales are graduated in the same direction.
• Q3: Name parts of vernier.
  Ans: The main parts of a vernier are:

  • ➔ Main Scale
  • ➔ Vernier Scale
  • ➔ Thumbscrew
  • ➔ Lock Screw
  • ➔ Depth Rod
  • ➔ Upper Jaws
  • ➔ Lower Jaws
• Q4: What are types of Vernier w.r.t accuracy?
  Ans: Types of Vernier according to accuracy:

  • ➔ Type A Vernier
  • ➔ Type B Vernier
  • ➔ Type C Vernier
• Q5: What are types of Vernier w.r.t scale divisions?
  Ans: Types of Vernier according to scale divisions:

  • ➔ Direct Vernier
  • ➔ Retrograde Vernier
  • ➔ Double Vernier
• Q6: Define least count?
  Ans: Least count is the smallest value that can be measured by a vernier scale. It is the difference between one main scale division and one vernier scale division.
• Q7: Define retrograde Vernier?
  Ans: A retrograde vernier is a type where the vernier scale divisions are longer than the main scale divisions and are marked in the opposite direction.
• Q8: Define type A and B Vernier?
  Ans:

  • ➔ Type A: Has one scale on the front and jaws on both sides.
  • ➔ Type B: Has one scale on the front and jaws only on one side.
• Q9: State principle of Vernier.
  Ans: The principle of the vernier is based on alignment of line segments. The vernier scale aligns with the main scale at a certain point, allowing more accurate readings.
• Q10: What is difference between lower and main jaw?
  Ans:

  • ➔ Lower jaws: Used for external measurements.
  • ➔ Upper jaws: Used for internal measurements.
• Q11: What is purpose of depth rod?
  Ans: The depth rod is used to measure the depth of holes or steps.
• Q12: Write two precautions while using Vernier.
  Ans:

  • ➔ Ensure the vernier scale and main scale are clean before taking measurements.
  • ➔ Avoid parallax error by keeping the eye directly above the scale.
• Q13: What are the causes of error in reading Vernier?
  Ans: Errors can occur due to improper alignment, parallax errors, or mechanical defects in the instrument.
• Q14: Define double Vernier.
  Ans: A double vernier has two simple verniers placed end-to-end to allow readings in both clockwise and anticlockwise directions.
• Q15: What is digital Vernier?
  Ans: A digital vernier is an advanced version of a vernier caliper that displays readings digitally for higher accuracy.
• Q16: Define zero error.
  Ans: Zero error occurs when the zero mark of the vernier scale does not align with the zero mark of the main scale.
• Q17: What are types of zero error?
  Ans:

  • ➔ Positive zero error: When the vernier zero is ahead of the main scale zero.
  • ➔ Negative zero error: When the vernier zero is behind the main scale zero.
• Q18: Define Positive Zero Error.
  Ans: Positive zero error: When the vernier zero is ahead of the main scale zero.
• Q19: Define Negative Zero Error.
  Ans: Negative zero error: When the vernier zero is behind the main scale zero.
• Q20: What is the Main scale?
  Ans: Main Scale is the fixed scale that is graduated in standard units.
• Q21: What is the Vernier scale?
  Ans: Vernier Scale is a movable scale attached to the main scale to measure finer increments.
• Q22: What is the purpose of lock screw?
  Ans: The lock screw is used to fix the position of the jaws once the object is measured, preventing movement while taking readings.
• Q23: What is the purpose of thumb screw?
  Ans: The thumb screw is used to adjust the position of the jaws smoothly for precise measurements.