PLUMBING AND SANITATION

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• Q1: Define Plumbing.
  Ans: Plumbing is the system of pipes, fixtures, and fittings used to distribute water, gas, and remove waste in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.
• Q2: Why is plumbing necessary?
  Ans: Plumbing is necessary for the safe and efficient distribution of water and removal of wastewater, ensuring hygiene, sanitation, and the smooth functioning of a building.
• Q3: Enlist a few plumbing fixtures.
  Ans: Some of the plumbing fixtures are:

  • ➔ Faucets
  • ➔ Showers
  • ➔ Toilets (WC)
  • ➔ Sinks
  • ➔ Bathtubs
  • ➔ Bidets
  • ➔ Water heaters
• Q4: What is Sanitation?
  Ans: Sanitation refers to the practice of maintaining clean and hygienic conditions, especially by managing waste, to prevent the spread of disease.
• Q5: What is WC?
  Ans: WC stands for Water Closet. It is a type of toilet that includes a flush mechanism for waste removal.
• Q6: What is a European type WC?
  Ans: A European type WC is a modern, typically more compact, version of a water closet, often installed in European-style bathrooms with advanced flushing systems.
• Q7: Name some sanitary fittings used in the bathroom.
  Ans: Some of the sanitary fittings are:

  • ➔ Washbasins
  • ➔ Toilets
  • ➔ Showerheads
  • ➔ Bathtubs
  • ➔ Bidets
  • ➔ Taps
• Q8: How is WHB?
  Ans: A WHB, or wash hand basin, is a small basin designed for washing hands, usually equipped with a tap and drain.
• Q9: What is a Flushing cistern?
  Ans: A flushing cistern is a water tank connected to a toilet that stores and releases water to flush waste down the drain.
• Q10: What is an intercepting trap?
  Ans: An intercepting trap is a plumbing device that prevents foul odors and gases from entering the living spaces by trapping sewage gases in the waste pipe.
• Q11: Define floor traps.
  Ans: Floor traps are plumbing fixtures installed in floors to prevent the backflow of waste and allow the removal of wastewater from sinks, showers, and other drains.
• Q12: What is a gully trap?
  Ans: A gully trap is a drainage system used to prevent the entry of foul gases from the sewer system into a building. It also allows for surface water to drain away.
• Q13: What is a soil stack?
  Ans: A soil stack is a vertical pipe that carries human waste and wastewater from bathrooms and kitchens to the sewer system.
• Q14: What is a waste pipe?
  Ans: A waste pipe is a pipe that carries wastewater (from sinks, bathtubs, or showers) but does not carry solid waste.
• Q15: Define Vent pipe.
  Ans: A vent pipe is a pipe connected to the plumbing system to release gases and maintain pressure, ensuring smooth wastewater flow.
• Q16: What is an S trap, P trap and Q trap?
  Ans:
  S Trap: A trap shaped like an S, used to prevent the entry of gases from the drain.
  P Trap: A trap shaped like a P, commonly used for sinks to prevent odor.
  Q Trap: A variant of the P trap, used in some plumbing systems.
• Q17: Define Water Pollution.
  Ans: Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies (rivers, lakes, oceans) with harmful substances, making it unsafe for consumption and damaging ecosystems.
• Q18: Define Water Pollutants.
  Ans: Water pollutants are harmful substances such as chemicals, waste, or pathogens that degrade the quality of water.
• Q19: Write the types of Water Pollution.
  Ans: The types are:

  • ➔ Chemical Pollution
  • ➔ Biological Pollution
  • ➔ Physical Pollution
  • ➔ Thermal Pollution
  • ➔ Nutrient Pollution
• Q20: Write the causes of Water Pollution.
  Ans: Some of the causes are:

  • ➔ Industrial waste
  • ➔ Agricultural runoff (pesticides, fertilizers)
  • ➔ Improper sewage disposal
  • ➔ Oil spills
  • ➔ Plastic waste
• Q21: Write some effects of Water Pollution.
  Ans: Some of the effects are:

  • ➔ Contaminated drinking water
  • ➔ Destruction of aquatic life
  • ➔ Spread of waterborne diseases
  • ➔ Ecosystem imbalances
  • ➔ Harm to agriculture and fishing
• Q22: Write a few preventions of Water Pollution.
  Ans: A few preventions are:

  • ➔ Proper disposal of industrial and household waste
  • ➔ Reducing plastic use
  • ➔ Using eco-friendly agricultural practices
  • ➔ Wastewater treatment
  • ➔ Implementing laws and regulations on waste management
• Q23: Name some Water Pollutants.
  Ans: Some of the water pollutants are:

  • ➔ Pesticides
  • ➔ Heavy metals (e.g., mercury, lead)
  • ➔ Oil
  • ➔ Plastic waste
  • ➔ Pathogens (bacteria, viruses)
• Q24: What is Water Purification?
  Ans: Water purification is the process of removing contaminants from water to make it safe for drinking and other uses.
• Q25: Write down steps to remove water impurities.
  Ans: Following steps are performed:

  • ➔ Screening
  • ➔ Sedimentation
  • ➔ Filtration
  • ➔ Coagulation
  • ➔ Sterilization (e.g., chlorination)
• Q26: Define Screening.
  Ans: Screening is the process of removing large particles and debris from water by passing it through a mesh or screen.
• Q27: Define Sedimentation.
  Ans: Sedimentation is the process of allowing particles in water to settle at the bottom of a container under the influence of gravity.
• Q28: Define Filtration.
  Ans: Filtration is the process of passing water through a porous material to remove smaller particles and impurities.
• Q29: Define Co-agulation.
  Ans: Coagulation is the process of adding chemicals (coagulants) to water to clump small particles together, making them easier to remove through sedimentation and filtration.
• Q30: Define Sterilization.
  Ans: Sterilization involves killing harmful microorganisms in water through physical or chemical means (e.g., boiling, UV light, chlorination).
• Q31: Define Chlorination.
  Ans: Chlorination is the addition of chlorine to water to disinfect it and kill harmful bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.
• Q32: Name the chemical used in the process of chlorination of water.
  Ans: Chlorine (Cl₂) is commonly used for water chlorination.
• Q33: Name some water purification methods.
  Ans: The methods are:

  • ➔ Filtration
  • ➔ Boiling
  • ➔ Chlorination
  • ➔ UV purification
  • ➔ Reverse osmosis
• Q34: What are sanitary fixtures? Name a few.
  Ans: Sanitary fixtures are plumbing devices used in bathrooms for hygiene and waste disposal. Examples include toilets, washbasins, bathtubs, and urinals.
• Q35: Define Single Stack system.
  Ans: The single stack system is a plumbing system where one main stack (vertical pipe) serves as both a waste and vent pipe for the entire building.
• Q36: Define Double Stack system.
  Ans: The double stack system uses two separate vertical pipes—one for waste and the other for venting purposes—in a building's plumbing.
• Q37: Define Urinal.
  Ans: A urinal is a plumbing fixture used for the disposal of urine, typically installed in men's bathrooms.