NON-FERROUS METALS

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• Q1: Define Ferrous Metals. Name some.
  Ans: Ferrous metals are those metals which contain iron (Fe) as the main element.
  Some examples are:

  • ➔ Cast Iron
  • ➔ Wrought Iron
  • ➔ Steel
• Q2: Define Non-Ferrous Metals. Name some.
  Ans: Non-ferrous metals are those metals which do not contain iron.
  Some examples are:

  • ➔ Copper
  • ➔ Aluminium
  • ➔ Zinc
  • ➔ Lead
• Q3: State the properties of Ferrous Metals.
  Ans: The properties are:

  • ➔ High strength
  • ➔ Magnetic in nature
  • ➔ Less resistance to corrosion
  • ➔ Good durability
  • ➔ High melting point
• Q4: State the uses of Ferrous Metals.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Construction work
  • ➔ Machinery manufacturing
  • ➔ Automobile parts
  • ➔ Tools and equipment
• Q5: State the properties of Non-Ferrous Metals.
  Ans: The properties are:

  • ➔ Non-magnetic
  • ➔ Good corrosion resistance
  • ➔ Light weight
  • ➔ Good electrical conductivity
  • ➔ Easy to shape
• Q6: State the uses of Non-Ferrous Metals.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Electrical wiring
  • ➔ Aircraft parts
  • ➔ Cooking utensils
  • ➔ Decorative items
• Q7: What is the process of Quenching?
  Ans: Quenching is a heat treatment process in which hot metal is rapidly cooled in water, oil, or air.
  It increases hardness and strength of the metal.
• Q8: State the chemical formula of Azurite.
  Ans: The chemical formula of Azurite is Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂.
• Q9: State the chemical formula of Malachite.
  Ans: The chemical formula of Malachite is Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂.
• Q10: State the chemical formula of Copper Glance.
  Ans: The chemical formula of Copper Glance is Cu₂S.
• Q11: State the chemical formula of Copper Pyrites.
  Ans: The chemical formula of Copper Pyrites is CuFeS₂.
• Q12: Name the process used for the extraction of Copper.
  Ans: The processes used are:

  • ➔ Roasting
  • ➔ Smelting
  • ➔ Refining
• Q13: Briefly explain the Roasting Process.
  Ans: Roasting is the process of heating sulphide ores in the presence of oxygen.
  It converts sulphide ore into oxide and removes impurities as gases.
• Q14: Briefly explain the Froth Floatation Process.
  Ans: Froth floatation is used to separate sulphide ores from impurities.
  The powdered ore is mixed with water and oil, then air is blown through it.
  The ore forms froth and floats on the surface, while impurities sink.
• Q15: State the properties of Copper.
  Ans: The properties are:

  • ➔ Good electrical conductivity
  • ➔ High thermal conductivity
  • ➔ Ductile and malleable
  • ➔ Corrosion resistant
  • ➔ Reddish-brown color
• Q16: State the uses of Copper.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Electrical wires and cables
  • ➔ Plumbing pipes
  • ➔ Heat exchangers
  • ➔ Decorative items
• Q17: Name the Alloys of Copper.
  Ans: The alloys are:

  • ➔ Brass (Copper + Zinc)
  • ➔ Bronze (Copper + Tin)
  • ➔ Gun Metal
  • ➔ German Silver
• Q18: What are Brasses? State the composition.
  Ans: Brasses are alloys made of copper and zinc.
  The composition of brass is:

  • ➔ Copper (Cu): 60% to 90%
  • ➔ Zinc (Zn): 10% to 40%
• Q19: Write the types of Brasses.
  Ans: The types of brasses are:

  • ➔ Leaded Brass
  • ➔ Alpha Brass
  • ➔ Aluminium Brass
  • ➔ Red Brass
  • ➔ Alpha Plus Beta Brass
  • ➔ Leaded Red Brass
• Q20: State the uses of Brasses.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Making valves and fittings
  • ➔ Electrical components
  • ➔ Decorative items
  • ➔ Musical instruments
• Q21: What is Leaded Brass?
  Ans: Leaded brass is a type of brass that contains a small amount of lead (Pb).
  It improves machinability and makes cutting easier.
• Q22: State the uses of Leaded Brass.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Screws and bolts
  • ➔ Pipe fittings
  • ➔ Machined components
• Q23: What is Alpha Brass?
  Ans: Alpha brass contains up to 35% zinc.
  It has a single phase structure and is soft, ductile, and easy to work.
• Q24: State the uses of Alpha Brass.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Sheets and plates
  • ➔ Deep drawing applications
  • ➔ Decorative items
• Q25: What is Aluminium Brass?
  Ans: Aluminium brass is brass that contains a small amount of aluminium.
  It improves corrosion resistance and strength.
• Q26: State the uses of Aluminium Brass.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Heat exchangers
  • ➔ Condenser tubes
  • ➔ Marine applications
• Q27: What is Red Brass?
  Ans: Red brass is a type of brass with high copper content (about 85% or more).
  It has a reddish color and good corrosion resistance.
• Q28: State the uses of Red Brass.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Plumbing fittings
  • ➔ Pump parts
  • ➔ Valves
• Q29: What is Alpha Plus Beta Brass? State the composition.
  Ans: Alpha plus beta brass contains both alpha and beta phases.
  The composition is:

  • ➔ Copper (Cu): 55% to 65%
  • ➔ Zinc (Zn): 35% to 45%

  It is stronger but less ductile than alpha brass.
• Q30: State the uses of Alpha Plus Beta Brass.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Gears
  • ➔ Valves
  • ➔ Heavy-duty components
• Q31: What is Leaded Red Brass?
  Ans: Leaded red brass is red brass that contains a small amount of lead.
  It improves machinability and casting properties.
• Q32: State the uses of Leaded Red Brass.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Plumbing components
  • ➔ Valves and fittings
  • ➔ Pump parts
• Q33: What is Bronze? State the composition.
  Ans: Bronze is an alloy mainly made of copper and tin.
  The composition of bronze is:

  • ➔ Copper (Cu): 80% to 95%
  • ➔ Tin (Sn): 5% to 20%
• Q34: State the uses of Bronze.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Bearings and bushes
  • ➔ Gears
  • ➔ Statues and sculptures
  • ➔ Marine parts
• Q35: State the properties of Bronze.
  Ans: The properties are:

  • ➔ High strength
  • ➔ Good corrosion resistance
  • ➔ Good wear resistance
  • ➔ Low friction
  • ➔ Good casting properties
• Q36: State the types of Bronze.
  Ans: The types of bronze are:

  • ➔ Tin Bronze
  • ➔ Aluminium Bronze
  • ➔ Beryllium Bronze
  • ➔ Silicon Bronze
• Q37: What is Tin Bronze? State the composition.
  Ans: Tin bronze is bronze in which tin is the main alloying element.
  The composition is:

  • ➔ Copper (Cu): 85% to 95%
  • ➔ Tin (Sn): 5% to 15%
• Q38: State the uses of Tin Bronze.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Bearings
  • ➔ Bushes
  • ➔ Gears
  • ➔ Pump parts
• Q39: What is Aluminium Bronze? State the composition.
  Ans: Aluminium bronze is bronze that contains aluminium as an alloying element.
  The composition is:

  • ➔ Copper (Cu): 85% to 95%
  • ➔ Aluminium (Al): 5% to 15%
• Q40: State the uses of Aluminium Bronze.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Marine equipment
  • ➔ Pump parts
  • ➔ Valves
  • ➔ Heavy-duty bearings
• Q41: What is Beryllium Bronze? State the composition.
  Ans: Beryllium bronze is bronze that contains a small amount of beryllium.
  The composition is:

  • ➔ Copper (Cu): 97% to 99%
  • ➔ Beryllium (Be): 1% to 3%
• Q42: State the uses of Beryllium Bronze.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Springs
  • ➔ Electrical contacts
  • ➔ Precision instruments
• Q43: What is Silicon Bronze? State the composition.
  Ans: Silicon bronze is bronze that contains silicon as an alloying element.
  The composition is:

  • ➔ Copper (Cu): 90% to 97%
  • ➔ Silicon (Si): 3% to 10%
• Q44: State the uses of Silicon Bronze.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Marine hardware
  • ➔ Bolts and fasteners
  • ➔ Welding rods
• Q45: What is Cupro Nickel? State the composition.
  Ans: Cupro nickel is an alloy of copper and nickel.
  The composition is:

  • ➔ Copper (Cu): 70% to 90%
  • ➔ Nickel (Ni): 10% to 30%
• Q46: State the uses of Cupro Nickel.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Marine equipment
  • ➔ Condenser tubes
  • ➔ Coins
• Q47: What is Nickel Silver? State the composition.
  Ans: Nickel silver is an alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc.
  The composition is:

  • ➔ Copper (Cu): 50% to 70%
  • ➔ Nickel (Ni): 10% to 25%
  • ➔ Zinc (Zn): 15% to 30%
• Q48: State the uses of Nickel Silver.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Decorative items
  • ➔ Musical instruments
  • ➔ Coins
• Q49: What is Gun Metal? State the composition.
  Ans: Gun metal is an alloy of copper, tin, and zinc.
  The composition is:

  • ➔ Copper (Cu): 85% to 90%
  • ➔ Tin (Sn): 5% to 10%
  • ➔ Zinc (Zn): 2% to 5%
• Q50: State the uses of Gun Metal.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Valves and fittings
  • ➔ Bearings
  • ➔ Pump parts
  • ➔ Marine components
• Q51: What is Monel Metal? State the composition.
  Ans: Monel metal is an alloy of nickel and copper.
  The composition is:

  • ➔ Nickel (Ni): 60% to 70%
  • ➔ Copper (Cu): 20% to 30%
  • ➔ Small amounts of iron and manganese
• Q52: State the uses of Monel Metal.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Marine equipment
  • ➔ Chemical industry equipment
  • ➔ Pumps and valves
• Q53: What is Aluminium? State the composition.
  Ans: Aluminium is a non-ferrous metal.
  It is a pure element with symbol Al and is mostly used in alloy form.
• Q54: State the uses of Aluminium.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Aircraft construction
  • ➔ Electrical wires
  • ➔ Utensils
  • ➔ Packaging materials
• Q55: State the properties of Aluminium.
  Ans: The properties are:

  • ➔ Light weight
  • ➔ Good conductivity
  • ➔ Corrosion resistant
  • ➔ Ductile and malleable
  • ➔ Non-magnetic
• Q56: State the ores of Aluminium.
  Ans: The ores are:

  • ➔ Bauxite
  • ➔ Cryolite
  • ➔ Diaspore
• Q57: Briefly explain the extraction of Aluminium.
  Ans: Aluminium is extracted from bauxite ore.
  First, alumina (Al₂O₃) is obtained from bauxite.
  Then, electrolysis is used to extract aluminium metal from alumina.
• Q58: State the methods of extraction of Aluminium.
  Ans: The methods are:

  • ➔ Bayer Process (for alumina extraction)
  • ➔ Hall-Héroult Process (for electrolysis)
• Q59: What are Aluminium Alloys? Name them.
  Ans: Aluminium alloys are formed by mixing aluminium with other metals to improve properties.
  Some examples are:

  • ➔ Duralumin
  • ➔ Y-alloy
  • ➔ Magnalium
• Q60: State the uses of Aluminium Alloys.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Aircraft and automobile parts
  • ➔ Structural components
  • ➔ Machinery parts
• Q61: What is Zinc? State the composition.
  Ans: Zinc is a non-ferrous metal with symbol Zn.
  It is used mainly for galvanizing and alloy making.
• Q62: State the uses of Zinc.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Galvanizing iron and steel
  • ➔ Making alloys like brass
  • ➔ Batteries
  • ➔ Die casting
• Q63: State the properties of Zinc.
  Ans: The properties are:

  • ➔ Low melting point
  • ➔ Good corrosion resistance
  • ➔ Brittle at room temperature
  • ➔ Good casting ability
• Q64: State the ores of Zinc.
  Ans: The ores are:

  • ➔ Zinc Blende (ZnS)
  • ➔ Calamine (ZnCO₃)
  • ➔ Zincite (ZnO)
• Q65: Briefly explain the extraction of Zinc.
  Ans: Zinc is extracted from its ores by roasting, reduction, and refining.
  The ore is first roasted to convert sulphide into oxide.
  Then reduction is done to obtain zinc metal.
• Q66: State the methods of extraction of Zinc.
  Ans: The methods are:

  • ➔ Electrolytic method
  • ➔ Electrothermic distillation
• Q67: What are Zinc Ores? Name them.
  Ans: Zinc ores are natural minerals from which zinc is extracted.
  Some examples are:

  • ➔ Zinc Blende
  • ➔ Calamine
  • ➔ Zincite
• Q68: State the uses of Zinc Ores.
  Ans: The uses are:

  • ➔ Production of zinc metal
  • ➔ Chemical industry
  • ➔ Making alloys
• Q69: Briefly explain the process of Electrolytic Extraction of Zinc.
  Ans: In this process, purified zinc solution is electrolyzed.
  Zinc is deposited on the cathode and impurities settle down.
  This method gives high purity zinc.
• Q70: Briefly explain the process of Electrothermic Distillation of Zinc.
  Ans: In this process, zinc oxide is reduced using carbon at high temperature.
  Zinc vapors are formed and then condensed to get pure zinc metal.
• Q71: What is Blister Copper?
  Ans: Blister copper is an impure form of copper obtained after smelting.
  It contains about 98% copper and has a blistered surface due to escaping gases.