Q1: What is an Ore? Name some ores.
Ans: An ore is a naturally occurring rock or mineral from which metals can be extracted profitably.
Some examples of ores are:
- ➔ Hematite (iron ore)
- ➔ Magnetite (iron ore)
- ➔ Bauxite (aluminium ore)
- ➔ Galena (lead ore)
- ➔ Chalcopyrite (copper ore)
Q2: Define Hydrometallurgy.
Ans: Hydrometallurgy is the process of extracting metals from ores using aqueous (water-based) chemical solutions.
Q3: Define Electro Metallurgy.
Ans: Electrometallurgy is the process of extracting and refining metals using electrical energy, usually by electrolysis.
Q4: State the qualities of a good ore.
Ans: A good ore should have the following qualities:
- ➔ High percentage of metal content
- ➔ Easily available in nature
- ➔ Easy to extract metal from it
- ➔ Low cost of extraction
- ➔ Less impurities (gangue)
Q5: State the types of Iron Ores.
Ans: Iron ores are mainly of the following types:
- ➔ Magnetite
- ➔ Hematite
- ➔ Limonite
- ➔ Siderite
- ➔ Taconite
Q6: Describe Magnetite.
Ans: Magnetite is a type of iron ore with the chemical formula Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. It has the highest iron content and is strongly magnetic.
Q7: Define Hematite.
Ans: Hematite is an iron ore with the chemical formula Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. It is one of the most important sources of iron.
Q8: Define Limonite.
Ans: Limonite is a brown iron ore containing hydrated iron oxide, usually written as Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O.
Q9: Define Siderite.
Ans: Siderite is an iron ore with the chemical formula FeCO<sub>3</sub>. It contains iron in carbonate form.
Q10: Define Taconite.
Ans: Taconite is a low-grade iron ore containing iron mixed with silica and other minerals. It is processed to extract usable iron.
Q11: What is Froth?
Ans: Froth is a mass of small bubbles formed on the surface of a liquid, often used in froth flotation to separate ores from impurities.
Q12: Briefly explain about the deposits of Iron Ore.
Ans: Iron ore deposits are naturally occurring concentrations of iron-rich minerals in the Earth’s crust.
They are found in sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks and are mined for industrial use.
Q13: Briefly explain about the Natural deposits of Iron Ore in Pakistan.
Ans: Pakistan has limited iron ore deposits compared to other countries.
Major deposits are found in:
- ➔ Kalabagh
- ➔ Chiniot
- ➔ Nokkundi (Balochistan)
- ➔ Hazara region
Q14: Briefly explain the economic use of Ores in Pakistan.
Ans: Ores are economically important for Pakistan because they support industry and development.
They are used for:
- ➔ Steel production
- ➔ Manufacturing industries
- ➔ Construction materials
- ➔ Reducing imports and saving foreign exchange
Q15: State the Iron Ore needs for Pakistan Steel Karachi.
Ans: Pakistan Steel Mills Karachi requires a large quantity of iron ore, mainly imported, because local production is insufficient to meet industrial demand.
Q16: Define Ore-Bedding.
Ans: Ore-bedding is the arrangement of ore minerals in distinct layers within rock formations.
Q17: Define Sintering.
Ans: Sintering is the process of heating fine ore particles below their melting point to form a solid porous mass.
Q18: Define Calcination.
Ans: Calcination is the process of heating an ore in the absence of air to remove moisture and volatile impurities.
Q19: Define Nodulising.
Ans: Nodulising is the process of converting fine ore particles into small rounded lumps by heating them in a rotary kiln.
Q20: Define Pelletizing.
Ans: Pelletizing is the process of forming small spherical balls of iron ore fines mixed with binders for use in blast furnaces.
Q21: Name the Iron Ores found in Russia.
Ans: - ➔ Magnetite
- ➔ Hematite
- ➔ Siderite
Q22: Name the Iron Ores found in America.
Ans: - ➔ Hematite
- ➔ Magnetite
- ➔ Taconite
Q23: Name the Iron Ores found in Pakistan.
Ans: - ➔ Hematite
- ➔ Magnetite
- ➔ Limonite
Q24: Name the Iron Ores found in Sweden.
Q25: Name the Iron Ores found in Brazil.
Q26: Why are the Iron Ores found in Kalabagh not considered usable?
Ans: The iron ores of Kalabagh are not considered usable because they contain high amounts of impurities and low iron content, making extraction uneconomical.
