ORES

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• Q1: What is an Ore? Name some ores.
  Ans: An ore is a naturally occurring rock or mineral from which metals can be extracted profitably.
  Some examples of ores are:

  • ➔ Hematite (iron ore)
  • ➔ Magnetite (iron ore)
  • ➔ Bauxite (aluminium ore)
  • ➔ Galena (lead ore)
  • ➔ Chalcopyrite (copper ore)
• Q2: Define Hydrometallurgy.
  Ans: Hydrometallurgy is the process of extracting metals from ores using aqueous (water-based) chemical solutions.
• Q3: Define Electro Metallurgy.
  Ans: Electrometallurgy is the process of extracting and refining metals using electrical energy, usually by electrolysis.
• Q4: State the qualities of a good ore.
  Ans: A good ore should have the following qualities:

  • ➔ High percentage of metal content
  • ➔ Easily available in nature
  • ➔ Easy to extract metal from it
  • ➔ Low cost of extraction
  • ➔ Less impurities (gangue)
• Q5: State the types of Iron Ores.
  Ans: Iron ores are mainly of the following types:

  • ➔ Magnetite
  • ➔ Hematite
  • ➔ Limonite
  • ➔ Siderite
  • ➔ Taconite
• Q6: Describe Magnetite.
  Ans: Magnetite is a type of iron ore with the chemical formula Fe₃O₄. It has the highest iron content and is strongly magnetic.
• Q7: Define Hematite.
  Ans: Hematite is an iron ore with the chemical formula Fe₂O₃. It is one of the most important sources of iron.
• Q8: Define Limonite.
  Ans: Limonite is a brown iron ore containing hydrated iron oxide, usually written as Fe₂O₃·H₂O.
• Q9: Define Siderite.
  Ans: Siderite is an iron ore with the chemical formula FeCO₃. It contains iron in carbonate form.
• Q10: Define Taconite.
  Ans: Taconite is a low-grade iron ore containing iron mixed with silica and other minerals. It is processed to extract usable iron.
• Q11: What is Froth?
  Ans: Froth is a mass of small bubbles formed on the surface of a liquid, often used in froth flotation to separate ores from impurities.
• Q12: Briefly explain about the deposits of Iron Ore.
  Ans: Iron ore deposits are naturally occurring concentrations of iron-rich minerals in the Earth’s crust.
  They are found in sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks and are mined for industrial use.
• Q13: Briefly explain about the Natural deposits of Iron Ore in Pakistan.
  Ans: Pakistan has limited iron ore deposits compared to other countries.
  Major deposits are found in:

  • ➔ Kalabagh
  • ➔ Chiniot
  • ➔ Nokkundi (Balochistan)
  • ➔ Hazara region
• Q14: Briefly explain the economic use of Ores in Pakistan.
  Ans: Ores are economically important for Pakistan because they support industry and development.
  They are used for:

  • ➔ Steel production
  • ➔ Manufacturing industries
  • ➔ Construction materials
  • ➔ Reducing imports and saving foreign exchange
• Q15: State the Iron Ore needs for Pakistan Steel Karachi.
  Ans: Pakistan Steel Mills Karachi requires a large quantity of iron ore, mainly imported, because local production is insufficient to meet industrial demand.
• Q16: Define Ore-Bedding.
  Ans: Ore-bedding is the arrangement of ore minerals in distinct layers within rock formations.
• Q17: Define Sintering.
  Ans: Sintering is the process of heating fine ore particles below their melting point to form a solid porous mass.
• Q18: Define Calcination.
  Ans: Calcination is the process of heating an ore in the absence of air to remove moisture and volatile impurities.
• Q19: Define Nodulising.
  Ans: Nodulising is the process of converting fine ore particles into small rounded lumps by heating them in a rotary kiln.
• Q20: Define Pelletizing.
  Ans: Pelletizing is the process of forming small spherical balls of iron ore fines mixed with binders for use in blast furnaces.
• Q21: Name the Iron Ores found in Russia.
  Ans:

  • ➔ Magnetite
  • ➔ Hematite
  • ➔ Siderite
• Q22: Name the Iron Ores found in America.
  Ans:

  • ➔ Hematite
  • ➔ Magnetite
  • ➔ Taconite
• Q23: Name the Iron Ores found in Pakistan.
  Ans:

  • ➔ Hematite
  • ➔ Magnetite
  • ➔ Limonite
• Q24: Name the Iron Ores found in Sweden.
  Ans:

  • ➔ Magnetite
  • ➔ Hematite
• Q25: Name the Iron Ores found in Brazil.
  Ans:

  • ➔ Hematite
  • ➔ Magnetite
• Q26: Why are the Iron Ores found in Kalabagh not considered usable?
  Ans: The iron ores of Kalabagh are not considered usable because they contain high amounts of impurities and low iron content, making extraction uneconomical.