INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING MATERIALS

Other Chapters

• Q1: Define Engineering material.
  Ans: Engineering material is any material that is used to make machines, structures, or products.
• Q2: State the classification of materials.
  Ans: Materials are classified mainly as:

  • ➔ Metals
  • ➔ Non-metals
  • ➔ Organic material
  • ➔ Inorganic material
• Q3: Define Metals.
  Ans: Metals are materials that are hard, strong, shiny, and good conductors of heat and electricity.
• Q4: Define non-metals.
  Ans: Non-metals are materials that are not shiny, not good conductors, and are usually brittle in solid form.
• Q5: Enlist the types of metals.
  Ans: The types of metals are:

  • ➔ Ferrous
  • ➔ Non-ferrous
• Q6: Define Ferrous metals.
  Ans: Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron as their main element.
• Q7: Define non-ferrous metals.
  Ans: Non-ferrous metals are metals that do not contain iron.
• Q8: What is Wrought Iron?
  Ans: Wrought iron is a very pure form of iron that contains less than 0.08% carbon. It is soft, tough, and can be bent or shaped easily. It is used for making gates, railings, chains, and decorative items.
• Q9: What is Cast Iron?
  Ans: Cast iron is a hard and brittle form of iron that contains 2% to 4% carbon. It is produced by melting iron and pouring it into molds. It is used in engine blocks, pipes, cookware, machine parts, and heavy structural components.
• Q10: What is Carbon Steel?
  Ans: Carbon steel is steel that contains iron and up to 2% carbon. Its properties change with carbon content.

  • ➔ Low carbon steel: 0.05% to 0.30% carbon
  • ➔ Medium carbon steel: 0.30% to 0.60% carbon
  • ➔ High carbon steel: 0.60% to 1.50% carbon

  Carbon steel is strong, durable, and used for tools, machinery parts, building structures, and automotive components.
• Q11: What is Alloy Steel?
  Ans: Alloy steel is steel that contains iron mixed with other elements like chromium, nickel, or manganese to improve its properties.
• Q12: Define Aluminum.
  Ans: Aluminum is a lightweight, soft, and corrosion-resistant non-ferrous metal.
• Q13: Define Silver.
  Ans: Silver is a shiny and soft non-ferrous metal that conducts electricity very well.
• Q14: Define Organic materials.
  Ans: Organic materials are materials that come from living organisms or contain carbon.
• Q15: Name some Organic materials.
  Ans: Some organic materials are:

  • ➔ Paper
  • ➔ Wood
  • ➔ Rubber
  • ➔ Cotton
• Q16: Define In-organic materials.
  Ans: Inorganic materials are materials that do not come from living organisms and usually do not contain carbon.
• Q17: Name some In-organic materials.
  Ans: Some inorganic materials are:

  • ➔ Metal
  • ➔ Glass
  • ➔ Ceramic
  • ➔ Cement
• Q18: Define Plastic.
  Ans: Plastic is a synthetic material that can be easily shaped when heated. It is used for making pipes, sheets etc.
• Q19: Define Wood.
  Ans: Wood is a natural material obtained from trees and used for construction and manufacturing.
• Q20: Define Paper.
  Ans: Paper is a thin material made from wood pulp and used for writing, printing, and packaging.
• Q21: Define Rubber.
  Ans: Rubber is a flexible material made from natural latex or synthetic chemicals. It is used for making tyres etc.
• Q22: Define Leather.
  Ans: Leather is a durable material made from the processed skin of animals. It is used in clothing.
• Q23: Define Petroleum.
  Ans: Petroleum is a thick, oily liquid found underground that is used to make fuel and many products.
• Q24: Define Cement.
  Ans: Cement is a binder, a fine powder made from ground limestone and clay, that is mixed with water to form a paste.
• Q25: Define Glass.
  Ans: Glass is a hard, transparent material made by heating sand and other substances. It is also used for construction works and finishing.
• Q26: Define Ceramic.
  Ans: Ceramic is a hard material made by shaping and heating clay at high temperatures.
• Q27: Define PVC.
  Ans: PVC is a strong plastic material made from chemicals. It is used for pipes and other products.
• Q28: Define Resins.
  Ans: Resins are sticky substances that are converted into hard states called polymers. They are used to make plastics and glue.
• Q29: Define Polythene.
  Ans: Polythene is a lightweight plastic. It is used to make bags, bottles, and containers.
• Q30: Define Polyester.
  Ans: Polyester is a man-made fiber. It is used to make fabrics and clothing.
• Q31: Define Natural materials.
  Ans: Natural materials are materials found in nature and not made by humans.
• Q32: Define Man-made materials.
  Ans: Man-made materials are materials created by humans through processing or chemical methods. For example: glass, plastic etc.
• Q33: Define Biotic Materials.
  Ans: Biotic materials are materials that come from living things. For example: wood, cotton etc.
• Q34: State some Biotic Materials.
  Ans: Some Biotic materials are as follows:

  • ➔ Wood
  • ➔ Cotton
  • ➔ Leather
  • ➔ Wool
• Q35: Define Abiotic Materials.
  Ans: Abiotic materials are materials that come from non-living sources. For example: glass, plastic etc.
• Q36: State some Abiotic Materials.
  Ans: Some Abiotic materials are as follows:

  • ➔ Metals
  • ➔ Glass
  • ➔ Stone
  • ➔ Plastic
• Q37: Define Stone.
  Ans: Stone is a hard natural material found in the earth. It is used in construction for making walls and finishing purposes.
• Q38: Define Metamorphic rock.
  Ans: Metamorphic rock is rock that has changed form due to heat and pressure.
• Q39: Define Tile.
  Ans: A tile is a flat piece of material. It is used to cover floors and walls.
• Q40: Define Brick.
  Ans: Brick is a block made from clay or mud. It is used in construction for making walls and foundations.
• Q41: Define Concrete.
  Ans: Concrete is a strong building material made by mixing cement, sand, gravel, and water. It is used in making beams, columns etc.
• Q42: Define Plywood.
  Ans: Plywood is a wood material made by gluing thin layers of wood together to make strong boards.
• Q43: Define Plaster board.
  Ans: Plaster board is a flat building sheet made of plaster sandwiched between paper and used for walls and ceilings.
• Q44: Define Quartz.
  Ans: Quartz is a hard mineral made of silica and is commonly found in rocks and sand.
• Q45: Define Quick Lime.
  Ans: Quick lime is a white, powdery substance made by heating limestone and is used in construction and industry.
• Q46: Define Polymers.
  Ans: Polymers are large molecules made of repeating units and are used to make many plastics and materials.
• Q47: Define Alloys.
  Ans: Alloys are materials made by mixing two or more metals to improve strength or other properties. For example: steel, brass, bronze etc.
• Q48: Define Sedimentary rocks.
  Ans: Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed when layers of sand, mud, and minerals are pressed together over time.
• Q49: Define Igneous rocks.
  Ans: Igneous rocks are rocks formed when melted rock cools and hardens.
• Q50: Define Kapok.
  Ans: Kapok is a soft, fluffy fiber taken from the kapok tree and used for stuffing cushions and mattresses.
• Q51: Define Kenaf.
  Ans: Kenaf is a natural fiber from the kenaf plant and is used to make ropes, paper, and fabrics.
• Q52: Define Manure.
  Ans: Manure is animal waste used to enrich soil and help plants grow.
• Q53: Define Flax.
  Ans: Flax is a plant whose fibers are used to make linen fabric and whose seeds are used for oil.
• Q54: Define Bark.
  Ans: Bark is the outer covering of a tree that protects it from damage and disease.
• Q55: Define Materials.
  Ans: Materials are substances used to make objects, structures, or products.
• Q56: Define Solute.
  Ans: A solute is a substance that dissolves in a liquid to form a solution. For eaxmple in tea, sugar is solute and milk is solvent.
• Q57: Define Solvent.
  Ans: A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solute to make a solution. For eaxmple in tea, sugar is solute and milk is solvent.
• Q58: Define Quarrying of stone.
  Ans: Quarrying of stone is the process of cutting or digging stone out of the ground for building and construction.