Q1: Define estimation.
Ans:The process of calculating the quantities of materials needed for the project and their cost is called Estimation.
Q2: Define estimate.
Ans:The cost of a project is called an Estimate.
Q3: Define estimator.
Ans:The person who prepares an estimate is called an Estimator.
Q4: Define Quantity Survey.
Ans:The process of calculating all the quantities of items required for work is called Quantity Survey.
Q5: Define Quantity Surveyor.
Ans:The person who performs a Quantity Survey is called a Quantity Surveyor.
Q6: Write the importance of estimation.
Ans:Estimation is done to get the idea of the cost of the project before starting the work.
Q7: Name the types of estimates.
Ans:
The two main types of estimates are:- ➔ Original Estimate
- ➔ Rough cost estimate
- ➔ Cube Rate estimate
- ➔ Plinth Area estimate
- ➔ Per Number estimate
- ➔ Detailed estimate
- ➔ Revised estimate
- ➔ Supplementary estimate
- ➔ Revised & Supplementary estimate
- ➔ Repair Estimate
- ➔ Annual Repair Estimate
- ➔ Quadrenial Repair Estimate
- ➔ Special Repair Estimate
Q8: Define Long wall and Short wall method.
Ans:This method helps in calculating the accurate length of walls for quantity estimation(brickwork, concrete,plaster etc), taking into account wall junctions and overlaps.
Estimation Approach:
Long Wall Length = Center to center length of the wall + half thickness of the wall at both ends
Short Wall Length = Center to center length of the wall – half thickness of the wall at both ends
Q9: Define cube rate estimate.
Ans:Cube Rate estimate is prepared by considering the constructional length, width and height of the building. This volume is then multiplied with current constructional rate to get the rough estimate.
Q10: Define plinth area estimate.
Ans:Plinth Area estimate is prepared by considering the constructional length and width of the building. This area is then multiplied with current constructional rate to get the rough estimate.
Q11: Define rough cost estimate.
Ans:The rough estimate prepared on the basis of personal experience and existing projects is to get a general idea of the cost of the project.
Q12: Define detailed estimate.
Ans:A detailed estimate is the actual cost of the project that includes the cost of each and every item of work involved in the project.
Q13: Define revised estimate.
Ans:
A revised estimate is prepared if one of the following is true:- ➔ Change in material needs.
- ➔ Cost of Original estimate exceeds by 5%
- ➔ Cost of particular work exceeds by 10%
Q14: Define supplementary estimate.
Ans:A supplementary estimate is prepared when additional work is needed like change in design. In that case, the cost of the project also changes and a new estimate is prepared called a supplementary estimate.
Q15: Define supplementary and revised estimates.
Ans:This combined estimate is used when both revisions to the original design and the addition of new work are needed. It is often needed when a project is partially abandoned and the remaining work is significantly less than the original estimate.
Q16: Define contingencies.
Ans:It is an amount added to the base estimate to account for unforeseen circumstances and potential risks. It is mostly 3-5%. For large projects it may be 5-10%.
Q17: Define Original estimate.
Ans:The estimate prepared for a new project is called Original estimate.
Q18: Define Repair estimate.
Ans:The estimate prepared to repair an existing structure is called a repair estimate.
Q19: Define annual repair estimate.
Ans:The repair estimate prepared every year for building maintenance like paint, chipped floors, broken windows etc. is an annual repair estimate.
Q20: Define special repair estimate.
Ans:The repair estimate needed in case of natural disaster or fire is called Special Repair Estimate.
Q21: Define Market price.
Ans:The current price of an item in the market is the market price. It differs from time to time.
Q22: Define Competent Authority.
Ans:A Competent Authority is an individual or organization that is legally or officially empowered to approve, supervise, or make decisions related to estimation, design, and construction activities.
Q23: Define Administrative approval.
Ans:The formal acceptance of the proposal by administrative department is known as administrative approval. It is necessary to obtain the approval of the competent authority of the administrative department before executing the work.
Q24: Define Expenditure Sanction.
Ans:The agreement of the government to incur the expenditure of a specific work is known as expenditure sanction. It is given by the Finance Department.
Q25: Define Technical Sanction.
Ans:
After the administrative approval and expenditure sanction, a detailed estimate and drawings are prepared by the executive engineer which must be approved by the competent authority. This sanction is known as a technical sanction.
Technical sanction is given by following officers of the Work Department:- ➔ XEN: 75 lacs
- ➔ Superintendent Engineer (S.E): 30 million
- ➔ Chief Engineer: >30 million
Q26: Define Tools & Plants.
Ans:All the mechanical items used in a construction project are termed as Tools and Plants. Example: Concrete mixer, compactor etc.
Q27: Define Measurement Book.
Ans:The book that contains all the measurements made at the site is called Measurement Book.
Q28: Define Work-Charge Establishment.
Ans:A work-charged establishment refers to a group of employees whose salaries are directly charged to the specific work or project they are employed for, rather than being part of the regular, ongoing establishment of a department. These employees are typically involved in the execution or supervision of a particular work or project.
Q29: Define Capital Cost.
Ans:A capital cost is the one time payment made at the time of purchase. The cost at which you buy anything is capital cost (includes tax).
Q30: Define Operational Cost.
Ans:The daily expenses required to run and maintain a project are called operational costs.
Q31: Define Surveying.
Ans:The process of boundary marking, mapping, and measurement of land is called surveying.
Q32: Define Petty Items.
Ans:Petty items refer to smaller, less expensive materials and components that are frequently used but can be easily overlooked in estimates. These can include items like nails, screws, bolts, washers etc.
Q33: Define Spot Items.
Ans:Spot Items are small, specific tasks or works in construction or estimation that are measured and paid for individually at particular locations, rather than as part of a larger area or volume. They usually include minor works like fixing, repairing, or installing specific components.
Q34: Define Departmental Charges.
Ans:Departmental charges are the charges taken by the engineering department to fulfill its expenses of supervision planning etc. It is normally 10-15%.
Q35: Define Site Plan.
Ans:A site plan is the broader perspective plan that indicates the buildings, structures around all four boundary sides.
Q36: Define Index Plan.
Ans:An index plan is for a particular area that indicates topography of that area, culverts, roads, canals etc.
Q37: Define Key Plan.
Ans:A Key Plan is a small-scale diagram or drawing included in architectural or construction documents that shows the location of a particular area or building within a larger context, such as a site, floor, or city block.
Q38: Define Layout Plan.
Ans:A layout plan is the top view of the site that indicates the building within its boundary.
Q39: State the percentage provision for electric supply, water supply, gas supply and sanitation.
Ans:
The percentages are as follows:| Supply Type | Percentage |
|---|
| Electricity | 8% |
| Water Supply | 4% |
| Gas Supply | 4% |
| Sanitation | 4% |
Q40: Define Sub-contractor.
Ans:If a contractor divides part of work between other contractors then all other contractors are termed as sub-contractors while their work is sub-work.
Q41: Define Sub-work.
Ans:The project is divided into portions of work and each portion is called sub-work. Example: In a construction project, water supply, finishing etc are all sub-works.
Q42: Define Day work.
Ans:Dayworks are a contractual mechanism used in construction projects to account for work that is carried out on a day-to-day basis rather than being covered by a fixed price.
Q43: Define Prime cost.
Ans:A prime cost is the direct cost associated with the project. It is the actual cost of the item present in the shop. Prime Cost = Direct Materials + Direct Labour.
Q44: Define Apartment.
Ans:An apartment is a self-contained housing unit within a larger building, typically rented and consisting of rooms like a bedroom, kitchen, and bathroom.
Q45: What is AR/SR work.
Ans:
AR is Addition and Removal i.e. Adding new components and removing unnecessary components.
SR is Shifting and Reinstallation i.e. Shifting/moving existing utilities and reinstalling them.
Q46: Define Floor Area Ratio (FAR).
Ans:FAR (Floor Area Ratio) is a numerical ratio that defines the relationship between the total floor area of a building and the total area of the plot on which it is built.
FAR = Total Floor Area ÷ Plot Area
Q47: What is meant by Divisional Center.
Ans:Divisional Center is the main city or hub of a division where key government offices and services for multiple districts are located.
Q48: Define Water Supply System.
Ans:A water supply system is a network of pipes, pumps, and tanks that delivers clean water from a source (like a reservoir) to homes and buildings.
Q49: Define Sewerage System.
Ans:A sewerage system is a network of underground pipes that collects and carries sewage from buildings to treatment plants or disposal sites.
Q50: Define Sludge.
Ans:Sludge is the thick, semi-solid waste that settles at the bottom of water or sewage treatment tanks.
Q51: Define Sewage.
Ans:Sewage is the wastewater from homes, toilets, kitchens, and industries that contains human and organic waste.
Q52: Define Invert Level.
Ans:Invert level is the lowest inside point or bottom of a drain, sewer, or pipe, used to measure depth or slope.
Q53: Define Septic Tank.
Ans:A septic tank is an underground tank that collects and partially treats sewage from a building in areas without a sewerage system.
Q54: Define Soakage Pit.
Ans:A soakage pit is a shallow, covered excavation filled with brick or stone that allows wastewater to slowly infiltrate into the ground.
Q55: Define OHWT.
Ans:OHWT(Over Head Water Tank) is a water storage tank placed at a height (usually on the roof) to supply water to a building using gravity.
Q56: Define UGT.
Ans:UGT(Under Ground Tank) is a water storage tank constructed below ground level, used for storing potable or firefighting water.
Q57: Define Lift and Lead.
Ans:
Lift refers to the vertical distance material is moved upward.
Lead refers to the horizontal distance material is transported from the source to the site.
Q58: Define Deadman.
Ans:A Deadman is a buried object (like a concrete block or timber) used to anchor and support structures such as retaining walls or scaffolding by holding them in place.
Q59: Define Gradient.
Ans:Gradient is the slope or incline of a surface, usually expressed as a ratio or percentage (e.g., 1 in 20), showing the rise or fall over a certain horizontal distance.
Q60: Define Lateral Sewer.
Ans:A Lateral sewer is a small sewer that receives wastewater from houses and connects to a branch or main sewer.
Q61: Define Combined Sewer.
Ans:A sewer that carries both domestic sewage and storm water in the same pipeline is called a Combined Sewer.
Q62: Define Storm Water.
Ans:Storm water is the rainwater or surface runoff that flows over roads, rooftops, and open grounds during rainfall.
Q63: Define Manhole.
Ans:A Manhole is an opening in a sewer line that allows workers to inspect, clean, or maintain the sewer system.
Q64: Define Drop Manhole.
Ans:A manhole used where there is a sudden change in elevation, allowing sewage to drop vertically is called a drop manhole.