HYDRO KINEMATICS

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• Q1: Define Kinematics.
  Ans: Kinematics is the branch of science that deals with the study of motion of objects without considering the forces causing the motion.
• Q2: Define Hydro Kinematics.
  Ans: Hydro kinematics is the study of motion of liquids without considering the forces that cause the motion. It deals with velocity, acceleration and flow of liquids.
• Q3: Define Discharge or Rate of Flow.
  Ans: Discharge or rate of flow is the quantity of liquid flowing per unit time.
  Formula: Q = A × V
  Where Q = Discharge, A = Area of cross-section, V = Velocity of flow.
• Q4: What is the equation of continuity of Flow?
  Ans: The equation of continuity states that the mass of fluid flowing per second is constant at every section of a pipe.
  Formula: A₁V₁ = A₂V₂
• Q5: Define Energy of a Liquid.
  Ans: Energy of a liquid is the capacity of the liquid to do work due to its position, pressure or motion.
• Q6: Define Energy Head of a Liquid.
  Ans: Energy head of a liquid is the energy possessed by the liquid per unit weight. It is expressed in terms of height of liquid column.
• Q7: State Energy Heads of a liquid in motion.
  Ans: The energy heads are as follows:

  • ➔ Potential Head and Potential Energy
  • ➔ Velocity Head and Kinetic Energy
  • ➔ Pressure Head and Pressure Energy
• Q8: Define Potential Head and Potential Energy.
  Ans: Potential head is the height of the liquid above a reference level.
  Potential energy is the energy possessed by a liquid due to its elevation.
  Potential head = z
• Q9: Define Velocity Head and Kinetic Energy.
  Ans: Velocity head is the energy of liquid due to its velocity.
  Formula: Velocity Head = V² / 2g
  Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by the liquid due to its motion.
• Q10: Define Pressure Head and Pressure Energy.
  Ans: Pressure head is the height of liquid column equivalent to the pressure at a point.
  Formula: Pressure Head = P / (ρg)
  Pressure energy is the energy possessed by a liquid due to pressure.
• Q11: Define Total Head of a liquid in motion.
  Ans: Total head of a liquid in motion is the sum of pressure head, velocity head and potential head.
  Total Head = P/(ρg) + V²/2g + z
• Q12: Define Total Energy of a liquid in motion.
  Ans: Total energy of a liquid in motion is the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy.
• Q13: State Bernoulli’s Theorem.
  Ans: Bernoulli’s Theorem states that for a flowing liquid, the total energy remains constant along a streamline, provided there is no loss of energy.
  P/(ρg) + V²/2g + z = Constant
• Q14: State some limitations of Bernoulli’s Theorem.
  Ans: Some limitations of Bernoulli’s Theorem are:

  • ➔ Fluid must be incompressible
  • ➔ Flow must be steady
  • ➔ No energy loss due to friction
  • ➔ Flow must be along a streamline
• Q15: State the application of Bernoulli’s Theorem.
  Ans: Applications of Bernoulli’s Theorem are:

  • ➔ Venturimeter
  • ➔ Orifice Meter
  • ➔ Pitot Tube
  • ➔ Flow measurement in pipes
• Q16: What is a Venturimeter?
  Ans: A Venturimeter is a device used to measure the discharge of liquid flowing through a pipe. It works on Bernoulli’s principle and has a converging section, throat and diverging section.
• Q17: What is an Orifice Meter?
  Ans: An Orifice meter is a device used to measure the flow rate of liquid through a pipe. It consists of a flat plate with a small hole placed inside the pipe.
• Q18: What is a Rotameter and Elbowmeter?
  Ans: Rotameter is a device used to measure flow rate using a float inside a vertical tube.
  Elbow meter is a device used to measure flow rate by measuring pressure difference in a pipe bend.
• Q19: What is a Pilot Tube?
  Ans: A Pilot tube (Pitot tube) is a device used to measure the velocity of flowing fluid. It works by measuring the stagnation pressure of the fluid.
• Q20: What is a Convergent Cone?
  Ans: A convergent cone is a pipe section where the cross-sectional area gradually decreases, causing increase in velocity and decrease in pressure.
• Q21: What is Stagnation Point?
  Ans: A stagnation point is a point in a flowing fluid where the velocity becomes zero. At this point, kinetic energy is converted into pressure energy.
• Q22: Define Flow of a liquid.
  Ans: Flow of a liquid is the continuous movement of liquid particles from one place to another due to pressure difference or gravity.
• Q23: Name the types of Flow.
  Ans: The types of flow are:

  • ➔ Uniform Flow
  • ➔ Non-Uniform Flow
  • ➔ Laminar Flow
  • ➔ Turbulent Flow
  • ➔ Steady Flow
  • ➔ Unsteady Flow
  • ➔ Rotational Flow
  • ➔ Irrotational Flow
  • ➔ Compressible Flow
  • ➔ Incompressible Flow
  • ➔ One Dimensional Flow
  • ➔ Two Dimensional Flow
  • ➔ Three Dimensional Flow
• Q24: Define Uniform Flow.
  Ans: Uniform flow is the type of flow in which the velocity of liquid remains constant at every point at a given time.
• Q25: Define Non-Uniform Flow.
  Ans: Non-uniform flow is the type of flow in which the velocity of liquid changes from one point to another at a given time.
• Q26: Define Laminar or Streamline Flow.
  Ans: Laminar or streamline flow is the type of flow in which liquid particles move in smooth and parallel layers without mixing.
• Q27: Define Steady Flow.
  Ans: Steady flow is the type of flow in which the velocity, pressure and other properties do not change with time at a particular point.
• Q28: Define Unsteady Flow.
  Ans: Unsteady flow is the type of flow in which the velocity, pressure and other properties change with time at a particular point.
• Q29: Define Turbulent Flow.
  Ans: Turbulent flow is the type of flow in which liquid particles move in irregular paths and mix with each other. It usually occurs at high velocity.
• Q30: Define Rotational Flow.
  Ans: Rotational flow is the type of flow in which fluid particles rotate about their own axis while moving forward.
• Q31: Define Irrotational Flow.
  Ans: Irrotational flow is the type of flow in which fluid particles do not rotate about their own axis.
• Q32: Define Compressible Flow.
  Ans: Compressible flow is the type of flow in which the density of the fluid changes during motion. It is common in gases.
• Q33: Define In-Compressible Flow.
  Ans: Incompressible flow is the type of flow in which the density of the fluid remains constant during motion. It is common in liquids.
• Q34: Define One Dimensional Flow.
  Ans: One dimensional flow is the type of flow in which fluid properties vary only in one direction.
• Q35: Define Two Dimensional Flow.
  Ans: Two dimensional flow is the type of flow in which fluid properties vary in two directions.
• Q36: Define Three Dimensional Flow.
  Ans: Three dimensional flow is the type of flow in which fluid properties vary in all three directions.