PRESSURE VESSELS

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• Q1: Define Pressure Vessel.
  Ans: A pressure vessel is a closed container used to store gases or liquids at a pressure different from the surrounding atmospheric pressure.
  It is designed to safely withstand internal or external pressure.
• Q2: State the classification of Pressure Vessels.
  Ans: The classification of Pressure Vessels is made in two ways:

  • ➔ According to Wall Thickness
  • ➔ According to End Construction
• Q3: Define Thin Pressure Vessel.
  Ans: A thin pressure vessel is a vessel in which the wall thickness is very small(less than 1/10 of the internal diameter) compared to its diameter.
• Q4: Define Thick Pressure Vessel.
  Ans: A thick pressure vessel is a vessel in which the wall thickness is large(greater than 1/10 of the internal diameter) compared to its internal diameter.
• Q5: State the formula of Thick Pressure Vessel.
  Ans: The stresses in a thick pressure vessel are calculated using Lame’s equations.
  
  Formula:
  σ_t = A + B / r²
  σ_r = A - B / r²
  
  Where:
  σ_t = Tangential stress
  σ_r = Radial stress
  r = Radius of the vessel
• Q6: State the classification of pressure Vessels according to End Construction.
  Ans: The classification of Pressure Vessels is as follows:

  • ➔ Open End Pressure Vessel
  • ➔ Closed End Pressure Vessel
• Q7: What is an Open End Pressure Vessel?
  Ans: An open end pressure vessel is a vessel that has no closed ends.
  The pressure acts only on the cylindrical wall and no longitudinal stress is developed.
• Q8: What is a Closed End Pressure Vessel?
  Ans: A closed end pressure vessel is a vessel that has both ends closed.
  In this vessel, internal pressure produces both circumferential stress and longitudinal stress.
• Q9: What is Hoop or Circumferential Stress?
  Ans: Hoop or circumferential stress is the stress acting along the circumference of the pressure vessel due to internal pressure.
  It tends to split the vessel along its length.
• Q10: What is Longitudinal Stress?
  Ans: Longitudinal stress is the stress acting along the length of the pressure vessel due to internal pressure.
  It tends to split the vessel across its cross-section.
• Q11: What is Tangential Stress?
  Ans: Tangential stress is the stress acting along the tangent of the circular section of a pressure vessel.
  It is the same as circumferential or hoop stress in cylindrical vessels.
• Q12: What is Radial Stress?
  Ans: Radial stress is the stress acting in the radial direction of a pressure vessel.
  It acts from the inner surface towards the outer surface of the vessel wall.
• Q13: What is Lame’s Equation?
  Ans: Lame’s equation is used to calculate tangential stress and radial stress in thick pressure vessels.
  It helps determine the stress distribution across the thickness of the vessel wall.
• Q14: State the formula of Thin Spherical Shell.
  Ans: The stress in a thin spherical shell due to internal pressure is given by the following Formula:
  
  σ = (p × d) / 4t
  
  Where:
  p = Internal pressure
  d = Diameter of the shell
  t = Thickness of the shell
• Q15: State the formula of Longitudinal Stress.
  Ans: The formula for longitudinal stress in a thin cylindrical pressure vessel is:
  
  σ_l = (p × d) / 4t
  
  Where:
  σ_l = Longitudinal stress
  p = Internal pressure
  d = Diameter of the vessel
  t = Thickness of the vessel wall