TYPES OF MACHINE TOOLS

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• Q1: Define Turning Center.
  Ans: A turning center is a CNC lathe that can perform multiple turning operations automatically with high accuracy.
• Q2: Name the types of Turning Center.
  Ans: Types of turning centers are:

  • ➔ Horizontal Turning Center
  • ➔ Vertical Turning Center
  • ➔ Double Turret Turning Center
  • ➔ Double Chuck Turning Center
  • ➔ Universal Turning Center
  • ➔ Turning Center with Milling Head Attachment
• Q3: What are the main parts of the Turning Center?
  Ans: The main parts of a turning center are as follows:

  • ➔ Bed
  • ➔ Headstock
  • ➔ Chuck
  • ➔ Tool turret
  • ➔ Tailstock
  • ➔ Control panel
• Q4: Define the Control Axis of the Turning Center.
  Ans: Control axes are the directions along which the tool or workpiece moves, usually X-axis and Z-axis.
• Q5: What is a Tool Turret?
  Ans: A tool turret is a rotating tool holder that automatically selects and holds cutting tools.
• Q6: What is a Tailstock?
  Ans: A tailstock supports the free end of the workpiece during machining.
• Q7: Define Horizontal Turning Center.
  Ans: A horizontal turning center has a horizontally mounted spindle and is commonly used for cylindrical parts.
• Q8: Define Vertical Turning Center.
  Ans: A vertical turning center has a vertically mounted spindle and is used for heavy and large-diameter components.
• Q9: Define Double Turret Turning Center.
  Ans: A double turret turning center uses two tool turrets to machine a part simultaneously, increasing productivity.
• Q10: Define Double Chuck Turning Center.
  Ans: A double chuck turning center has two chucks to machine two workpieces or both sides of a workpiece.
• Q11: Define Universal Turning Center.
  Ans: A universal turning center can perform both turning and limited milling operations.
• Q12: Define Turning Center with Milling Head Attachment.
  Ans: It is a turning center equipped with a milling head to perform milling along with turning.
• Q13: What is Rotary Axis?
  Ans: A rotary axis allows rotational movement of the tool or workpiece during machining.
• Q14: What is Chuck?
  Ans: A chuck is a device used to hold and rotate the workpiece in a turning center.
• Q15: Define Tailstock.
  Ans: A tailstock is used to support long workpieces and hold tools like drills.
• Q16: What is a Machining Center?
  Ans: A machining center is a CNC machine capable of performing milling, drilling, boring, and tapping operations.
• Q17: Name the types of Machining Center.
  Ans: The types of machining centers are as follows:

  • ➔ Vertical Machining Center
  • ➔ Horizontal Machining Center
  • ➔ Double Housing Machining Center
• Q18: Define Horizontal Machining Center.
  Ans: A horizontal machining center has a horizontal spindle and is suitable for heavy-duty machining.
• Q19: Define Vertical Machining Center.
  Ans: A vertical machining center has a vertically oriented spindle and is widely used for general machining.
• Q20: Define Double Housing Machining Center.
  Ans: A double housing machining center has two vertical columns for high rigidity and accuracy.
• Q21: Define Saddle.
  Ans: A saddle is a supporting structure that allows movement of the table or tool along an axis.
• Q22: Define ATC (Automatic Tool Changer).
  Ans: ATC is a mechanism that automatically changes cutting tools during machining.
• Q23: Define Knee Type Milling Machine.
  Ans: A knee type milling machine has an adjustable knee that supports the table.
• Q24: Define Bed Type Milling Machine.
  Ans: A bed type milling machine has a fixed bed and the table moves along the axes.
• Q25: State some operations of the NC Milling Machine.
  Ans: The operations of NC milling machine are as follows:

  • ➔ Face milling
  • ➔ End milling
  • ➔ Slot cutting
  • ➔ Gear cutting
  • ➔ Keyway cutting
• Q26: Define Face Milling.
  Ans: Face milling produces a flat surface using a rotating cutting tool.
• Q27: Define End Milling.
  Ans: End milling removes material using the end and sides of the cutter.
• Q28: Define Dovetail Cutting.
  Ans: Dovetail cutting produces dovetail-shaped slots used in machine slides.
• Q29: Define Gear Cutting.
  Ans: Gear cutting is the process of machining teeth on a gear blank.
• Q30: Define Keyway Cutting.
  Ans: Keyway cutting creates a slot in a shaft to hold a key.
• Q31: Define Jig-Boring.
  Ans: Jig-boring is a precise machining process used to locate and enlarge holes accurately.
• Q32: Define NC Hobbing Machine.
  Ans: An NC hobbing machine is used to manufacture gears using numerical control.
• Q33: Name the gears manufactured by NC Hobbing Machine.
  Ans: The gears manufactured by NC hobbing machine are as follows:

  • ➔ Spur gears
  • ➔ Helical gears
  • ➔ Worm gears
  • ➔ Sprockets
• Q34: Define NC Grinder.
  Ans: An NC grinder is a grinding machine controlled by numerical instructions to achieve high precision and surface finish.
• Q35: Name the types of NC Grinder.
  Ans: The types of NC grinders are as follows:

  • ➔ Surface Grinder
  • ➔ Cylindrical Grinder
  • ➔ CAM Grinder
  • ➔ Tool Grinder
• Q36: Define Surface Grinder.
  Ans: A surface grinder is used to produce a smooth and flat surface on a workpiece.
• Q37: Define CAM Grinder.
  Ans: A CAM grinder is used to grind cam profiles accurately.
• Q38: Define Cylindrical Grinder.
  Ans: A cylindrical grinder is used to grind the external or internal cylindrical surfaces of a workpiece.
• Q39: What is NC Tool Grinder?
  Ans: An NC tool grinder is used to sharpen and manufacture cutting tools with high accuracy.
• Q40: Define Flute Angle.
  Ans: Flute angle is the angle between the flute and the axis of a cutting tool.
• Q41: Define Relief Angle.
  Ans: Relief angle is the angle that prevents the tool from rubbing against the workpiece.
• Q42: Define Clearance Angle.
  Ans: Clearance angle is the angle provided below the cutting edge to reduce friction.
• Q43: Define NC Laser Machine Tool.
  Ans: An NC laser machine tool uses a laser beam controlled by numerical commands to cut or shape materials.
• Q44: Name the types of Lasers.
  Ans: The types of lasers are as follows:

  • ➔ CO₂ Laser
  • ➔ Nd:YAG Laser
  • ➔ Fiber Laser
  • ➔ Ruby Laser
• Q45: Define Laser Processes.
  Ans: Laser processes include:

  • ➔ Laser cutting
  • ➔ Laser drilling
  • ➔ Laser welding
  • ➔ Laser marking
• Q46: Name four advantages of Laser Machines.
  Ans: Some of the advantages of laser machines are as follows:

  • ➔ High precision
  • ➔ No tool wear
  • ➔ High cutting speed
  • ➔ Clean and accurate cuts
• Q47: Name four disadvantages of Laser Machines.
  Ans: Some of the disadvantages of laser machines are as follows:

  • ➔ High initial cost
  • ➔ High power consumption
  • ➔ Limited thickness cutting
  • ➔ Safety concerns
• Q48: Define EDM (Electric Discharge Machining).
  Ans: EDM is a machining process that removes material using electrical sparks.
• Q49: Name the types of EDM.
  Ans: Types of EDM are:

  • ➔ Die-sinking EDM
  • ➔ Wire Cut EDM
• Q50: Define Wire Cut Electric Discharge Machine.
  Ans: Wire cut EDM uses a thin wire electrode to cut complex shapes using electric sparks.
• Q51: Name the types of Wire Cut Electric Discharge Machine.
  Ans: Types of wire cut EDM are:

  • ➔ CNC Wire Cut EDM
  • ➔ NC Wire Cut EDM
• Q52: Define Die-Sinking Electric Discharge Machine.
  Ans: Die-sinking EDM removes material by spark erosion using a shaped electrode.
• Q53: Define EDM Electrodes Tools.
  Ans: EDM electrode tools are conductive materials used to generate sparks for machining.
• Q54: Define Dielectric Fluids.
  Ans: Dielectric fluids are insulating liquids used in EDM to control sparks and remove debris.
• Q55: Name the main parts of the Electric Discharge Machine.
  Ans: The main parts of EDM are as follows:

  • ➔ Power supply
  • ➔ Electrode tool
  • ➔ Workpiece
  • ➔ Dielectric fluid system
  • ➔ Control unit
• Q56: Name four advantages of Electric Discharge Machine.
  Ans: Some of the advantages of EDM are as follows:

  • ➔ Can machine hard materials
  • ➔ No cutting force
  • ➔ High accuracy
  • ➔ Complex shapes possible
• Q57: Name four disadvantages of Electric Discharge Machine.
  Ans: Some of the disadvantages of EDM are as follows:

  • ➔ Slow machining rate
  • ➔ High power consumption
  • ➔ Electrode wear
  • ➔ Limited to conductive materials
• Q58: What does LASER stand for?
  Ans: LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
• Q59: Why is the cut in the CNC Grinding Machine kept very slow?
  Ans: To avoid overheating and to achieve high accuracy and surface finish.
• Q60: Briefly write the working of Die-sinking Electric Discharge Machine.
  Ans: The working of die-sinking EDM is as follows:

  • ➔ Electrode and workpiece are submerged in dielectric fluid
  • ➔ Electric sparks remove material
  • ➔ Shape of electrode is reproduced on workpiece
• Q61: Briefly write the working of Wire Cut Electric Discharge Machine.
  Ans: The working of a Wire Cut EDM can be explained step by step:

  • ➔ A thin wire acts as the electrode and is positioned close to the workpiece.
  • ➔ Controlled electrical sparks are generated between the wire and the workpiece, cutting the material precisely.
  • ➔ The wire is continuously fed from a spool to maintain a constant cutting process.
• Q62: What is a Driven Tool?
  Ans: A driven tool is a rotating tool powered by the machine spindle for milling or drilling.
• Q63: State the working principle of the Hobbing Machine.
  Ans: Hobbing works on the principle of continuous relative motion between the hob and the workpiece.
• Q64: What kind of metals can be cut on an NC Die-sinking Electric Discharge Machine?
  Ans: Only electrically conductive metals can be machined.
• Q65: What will happen if the wire touches the work-piece during operation in Wire Cut EDM?
  Ans: The wire will break due to short circuit.
• Q66: What is the voltage consumption of an Electric Discharge Machine?
  Ans: An Electric Discharge Machine generally operates at a low voltage range of about 60 to 300 volts.